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The contents of the Compendium:
"WHIPLASH-INJURIES"
Damage mechanism.
A study of the mechanism in rear-end collisions and other similar incidents
The behavior of bodies
inside a car during rear-end collisions.
List of contents:
The Author.
Professional experience.
Introduction.
Why do I find it necessary to work with the "whiplash-mechanics"?
What is the "whiplash" mechanism? A definition. See
EXTRACT of compendium.
What do we know about the "Whiplash-syndrome"? See
EXTRACT of compendium.
Part A: Static and dynamic mechanics.
A.1 Basic mechanical theories:
A body affected by a force. Change of velocity. Acceleration
and accelerating forces.
The basic Law of Dynamics.
The curves of velocity and acceleration.
Forces acting on objects rotating in a curved path around a
centre of rotation.
Energy and the execution of work.
The Law of constancy of Energy.
Acting forces and their ability to make damages. The work of deformations.
An item affected by loads causing bending and torsion stresses.
A.2 The mechanics of an impact.
The impulse and the moving mass. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
The law of the constancy of the moving masses during an impact.
See EXTRACT of compendium.
The two phases of the impact. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
The elastic and the non elastic impacts. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
The central Impact.
The not central impact.
A.3 A collision between cars.
The structural safety of cars.
The structural strength of cars.
Acting forces and deformation during impacts.
The use of deformation values in estimation of the initial
velocities and the acting forces.
The seat structure.
A vertical component of motion.
Part B: The influence of the impact on a body
inside the struck car.
B.1 Acting forces towards the body when driving
and when velocities change.
The behavior of the body when affected by high forces acting
in a very short time. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
Modeling a body.
B.2 Movements and loads acting on a person inside
a vehicle exposed to an impact.
Acceleration of objects inside a vehicle exposed to an impact.
See EXTRACT of compendium.
B.3 The "whiplash" mechanism.
A series of impacts. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
The three phases of the whiplash mechanism.
The head is thrown forward in a curved path. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
The influence of how the person is seated. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
The influence of a head support.
The influence of an initial turning of head and angular acting forces.
The influence of breaking the back of seat.
A vertical movement of the body.
B.4 How does factors like velocities and brakes
on etc. influence on the "whiplash" mechanism?
The connection between the velocity and the acting forces.
The change of the affections towards a body as the level of
velocity change.
Rear-end collisions at low velocities.
The velocity of car A is reduced by brakes on.
How does the degree of free rolling of the car B influence
on the loads affecting the body?
Variation of acceleration of a body as the strength of collision change.
The influence of the structural strength of cars.
Comments regarding the acceleration values of the body and
verification of test results.
A calculated example of a rear - end collision.
Correcting for the effect of an increasing velocity of car
B.
A chain collision. Frontal collision into a third car.
The rear seat passengers.
B.5 Comparison with other types of accidents.
The frontal collision.
The collision from aside.
Other type of incidents causing the "whip-lash" mechanism.
Part C: The nature of the "whiplash mechanism".
C.1 How does such a mechanism affect a body inside
the struck car?
In general. See EXTRACT of
compendium.
Affected areas due to the energies involved. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
C.2 How the mechanics may affect vital parts
of the body.
Affecting the spine. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
The neck region. See EXTRACT
of compendium.
Large inclinations of spine.
Affecting the neck and throat.
Affection towards the brain and other structures inside the
scull. See EXTRACT of compendium.
Loads towards the brain structure and the spinal cord. See
EXTRACT of compendium.
C3 A study of the "macro mechanics".
Loads towards not homogenous structures.
An item affected by longitudinal stretch forces.
The effects of a combined compression and rotation of the brain structure.
The effects of stretching loads onto closed spaces filled with liquid.
Part D: Possible precautions.
How to reduce the risk of injuries due to a rapid increase
of velocity.
Different ways of solutions.
Drive in a way to avoid bringing other people into accidents.
Part E: Conclusions.
See EXTRACT of compendium.
Appendix:
Appendix 1: Carried out calculations of impacts
between "models" of vehicles.
Appendix 1.1 Mechanical properties of models
used in calculations.
In general.
Cars and seats.
Appendix 1.2 Calculated examples of rear-end collisions.
Description of programs used in calculations.
Diagrams.
Tables of calculated results.
Appendix 2. Examples of real accidents.
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